Presentations on the theme of National Unity Day, free download for class. Class hour for the Day of National Unity After the victory, the new tsar elevated him to boyar

CLASS HOUR ON THE TOPIC:

"DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY"

Target: reveal the decisive role of the people, K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in the fight against intervention and the liberation of the country; show the role of the national identity of the Russian people; to form a civic position, patriotism; foster internationalism; interethnic and intercultural understanding.

Progress of the class hour

Back to topXVIIV. The so-called Time of Troubles began in the Russian state. Under the name of the murdered Tsarevich Dmitry, the first Russian impostor appeared - Grishka Otrepiev, a fugitive monk of the Moscow Chudov Monastery. The conspirators killed Boris Godunov's son, Fedor, and his mother. They barely had time to deal with Grishka when, along with all the armed rabble, a second impostor appeared - another False Dmitry. A dynastic crisis broke out in the country. Moscow lay in ruins, many cities were destroyed and burned, all the bridges in Uglich were broken. Taking advantage of the plight in the country, the Poles and Swedes went to war against it.

By the autumn of 1611, the situation in Russia was close to desperate: the Poles occupied Moscow, Smolensk and other cities in the west. The Swedes captured the entire coast of the Gulf of Finland and Novgorod. The entire western part of the state was virtually occupied. Looting and organized and common crime flourished in the country.

The National Unity Day holiday was established in memory of the events that occurred on November 4, 1612 in Moscow. On this day, the people's militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the interventionists.

In 1818, in Moscow, in honor of this significant event, a monument was erected to the people-liberator, their leaders - K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in gratitude for saving Russia from the Polish-Swedish intervention. This historical fact is captured in the poem “1611” by the poetess N. Konchalovskaya:

“A good monument has been erected

To two heroes throughout the country

As a sign that he was delivered

From dishonor the native land

It is marked by year, day,

And inscribed on it:

"To Citizen Minin

And to Prince Pozharsky -

Grateful Russia." (N. Konchalovskaya)

- Why did grateful Russia erect a monument to citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky? That's right, because they saved their country from dishonor.

What does the author mean by “dishonor”? What irreparable and tragic event could have happened to our country if the people, led by Headman Kuzma Minin and Prince D. Pozharsky, had not destroyed the enemy?The Russian throne and Russian land were captured by the Poles and Swedes in 1612, so our people were on the verge of losing their state and national independence.

In memory of these events, in December 2004 the State Duma approved a holiday calendar, and now on November 4 the whole country celebrates the holiday - National Unity Day.

- What should be understood by “national unity”? The unity of people in serving society, in jointly building a state for the benefit of the Motherland.

- Tell me, which people are stronger, united or divided? Why? That's right, because when a people is united, it represents a tremendous force and no enemy can defeat it. If the people are united and bound by strong friendship, they will be able to lead their country out of any political or economic crisis. A striking example of such unity is the struggle of the Russian and non-Russian peoples of the Volga region against foreign invaders at the beginning of the 17th century.

- What events preceded the emergence of the crisis of power and the Troubles in the country at the end of the 17th century?

The death of Boris Godunov opened the door to the Kremlin for those who had powerful support among the boyars. From this moment until 1610, the period of False Dmitrys and boyar betrayal began in Rus'. And the people humbly expected a reasonable and fair decision from the boyar duma. He waited silently until, in August 1610, the boyars, secretly from the people, called the Polish king Vladislav to the Moscow throne. And in September the interventionists had already entered the Kremlin. Alarm bells are ringing all over Rus' - the future of the Moscow state is under threat. Moscow was captured by the Polish-Lithuanian gentry. The Swedes entered Veliky Novgorod, and an English landing was being prepared in the north. Rus' was falling apart before our eyes. The boyars and the nobles did not have agreement. Listen to the contents of the Treaty of August 17 (27), 1610 on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar: “We are the boyars of the Moscow state, Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, and Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, and Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, and the okolnichy Prince Danilo Ivanovich Mezetskoy, and the Duma clerks Vasily Telepnev, and send Tomilo Dugovskaya to the great sovereign, to Zhigimont, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, to give his son Vladislav the prince to Vladimir and Moscow and to all the great states of the Russian kingdom.

And we are all boyars and nobles, and duma clerks, and clerks, and merchants, and archers, and Cossacks, and service people of all ranks of the Moscow state to the great sovereign prince Vladislav Zhigimontovich and his children, kiss the holy life-giving cress of the Lord on what we Serve him forever, like the former born sovereigns.”

- What consequences could the conclusion of such an agreement lead to?

Listen to how poetess N. Konchalovskaya describes these events:

Rus' is burning, blazing, groaning

Under the yoke of Polish gangs.

Enemies in the Kremlin: Colonel Strus -

Kremlin commandant.

Having robbed Moscow, robbed,

A horde of gentlemen is waiting,

What is Prince Vladislav

He will come from Poland to the Kremlin.

He will come and take the Moscow throne,

And Rus' will become Poland.

- In what words does the author of these poems convey the difficult situation of the Russian land? That’s right, “Rus is burning, blazing, groaning.”

- What did the enemies do to Moscow? Robbed, robbed.

- What did the Polish gentlemen count on? They hoped that the Moscow throne would be seized by the Polish prince Vladislav.

- If this happened, what kind of country would Rus' become? Poland.

The Time of Troubles became a great shock for Russia. According to historians, during the years of the Time of Troubles, no more or less than seventeen impostors appeared in Russia. Two of this motley crowd turned out to be especially dangerous: False Dmitry I managed to seize power and sit on the throne for 11 months, and False Dmitry II, aka the Tushino thief, besieged the capital of the state for almost 2 years.

At this time, truly great events took place in Nizhny Novgorod that were significant for establishing the strength and glory of the Russian state. In February 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod army of 1,200 people, which included soldiers from Kazan, Yaroslavl, and Cheboksary, moved towards Moscow. However, the first campaign of the militia suffered a defeat, which haunted the patriot of the Russian land, Kuzma Minin.

Posad elder Kuzma Minin, talking in the zemstvo hut with visitors coming on business, pointed out the need to create a treasury and offered to make donations. So he collected the first amount to equip the militia. But this money was not enough, and Minin decided to address the entire Nizhny Novgorod people with an appeal. On the descent that goes from the Ivanovo gate to the market, people began to gather. This is how the author of the book “Minin and Pozharsky” Viktor Shklovsky describes Minin’s speech on the cathedral square of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin:

“…Do the Russian people really have neither strength nor control over their enemies?

A rumble went through the crowd...

Minin wiped the sweat from his forehead with his sleeve.

We are fighting... apart. Pskov is special, and Kazan is special, and Astrakhan is special. If this happens, they will overpower us..., they will nail an iron yoke around our necks with iron nails, and we and our children will become slaves, and we will forget our homeland, and we will forget our native language.”

- What feature of military operations is Minin talking about? That’s right, “we’re fighting apart.”

- TO What are the consequences of fragmented actions? The enemies will quickly overpower our country.

- In the event of such an outcome, what might be the fate of the Russian people? Everyone will become slaves, they will forget their native speech and they will forget their homeland.

"Silence.

Citizens of Novgorod! - Minin continued in the ensuing silence. “We need to come to our senses, we need to start a great zemstvo work.” In all cities, collect serving nobles into the militia. In villages and cities, gather ordinary military people - whoever wants to, call everyone to one place, give them horses and weapons, and clothe them, and feed them so that there is a good army.”

- What was Minin's plan? Do you think the country needed it?

“Minin took a breath.

You need a lot of money! - he shouted... if you raise a militia, if you go... with all the land, money, you need great strength! And you need iron to forge weapons. And we need to pour copper into the cannons! We need both lead and saltpeter...

So is there really no goodwill for us? Will we really feel sorry for our goods, our junk, but not our native land?!

Minych! Minych! - people shouted.

Minych, take the cloth! Give me your hat!

Let's give up our heads! - shouted a man in the crowd.

Weeping women pulled earrings out of their ears with unsteady fingers.

Clothes, bundles of cloth, hats with money, boots, caftans, weapons grew in a heap on the stone floor of the porch...

Who will be the governor? - Alyabyev said gloomily from the crowd.

There is one governor! – Roman shouted from the crowd. – Dmitry Pozharsky, who fought in Moscow.

The crowd fell silent.

“I thought about Pozharsky too,” said Minin.”

- Did the people support Kuzma Minin? Why do you think?

Listen to how N. Konchalovskaya poetically described these same events:

The call comes from Muscovites,

Through the cities to the Volga waters.
Covering our entire land,
The call has reached Nizhny,
To the headman, to the peasant -
Nizhny Novgorod butcher,
That his name was Minin-Sukhoruk.
He gathered all the people around:
“Volzhanians! Orthodox people!
Poles are beating Russians everywhere!
Is the enemy invincible?
Are we really going to give up the land?
No! Leading the people
Let's go, not sparing our lives!
We will not spare houses, cages,
No gold, no silver!
Let's pawn our wives and children!
It's time!
Carry pearls, silver,
Bring all your goodness,
Everything that has been saved up for many years!
And who has no wealth -
Fatherland, loving homeland,
Take off your pectoral cross!
Let us all who are rich in anything,
Not at all, not at all.
Let's all help, like a brother, brother,
One family!"
And they brought him good:
And pearls and silver,
Icons, vestments and furs,
Heaps of clothes, dresses.

Who brought the bay horses,
Cows, rams and pigs,
Who brought bags of grain,
Bales of sheep fleece, -
Well, in a word, everything we could
They carried Minina to the square,
They dragged and carried.
Minin called for the Volga region,
He gathered the militia,
Dressed everyone, put shoes on everyone,
Fed, watered and equipped
And he armed everyone.
And this army in the foggy darkness,
On unplowed land,
Where the ear has not bloomed for a long time,
He led to Moscow, to the capital.
That army from each village
Everything came and grew.
Empty villages near the river,
Only children, women, old people
We went to the outskirts to see off
An army not yet seen,
That relentlessly moved forward -
People!

- What do you think: do these lines show an example of popular unity or disunity?

- What is a militia? A militia is a military formation created to assist the regular army on a voluntary basis.

- The poem contains the following lines: “Volzhans! Orthodox people! and “Minin called for the Volga region.” Tell me, are only Russians or other peoples living in the Volga region?That's right, in addition to Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Mordovians, and Maris live there. All the peoples of the Volga region, together with the Russians, did not spare their lives, did not spare their wealth in the name of saving their fatherland - Russia.

- Why did such unity, unity in the fight against a common enemy become possible? Everyone felt like people of one country. People were united by national identity. National identity is the people’s awareness of their importance in the life of the country, society and world history.

So, after the events that took place on the square near the Ivanovo Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Nizhny began to prepare for the militia. In winter, the city looked more like a large military camp. On Minin’s advice, Nizhny Novgorod residents began to give a third of their property to the militia. At his suggestion, the experienced warrior Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was chosen as the leader of the campaign. On October 28, 1611, Pozharsky decided to lead the Nizhny Novgorod army, and arrived in Nizhny Novgorod.

At the end of winter 1612, the militia set out on a campaign. It was small: only a few thousand people. We went to Yaroslavl, bypassing the dangerous places occupied by the Cossacks. Along the way, more and more warriors joined the militia. The largest detachments joined the army in Yaroslavl. With the icon of the Kazan Mother of God and under the banner of Prince Pozharsky, the militia entered Moscow. Meanwhile, the interventionist forces near Moscow opposing Pozharsky’s army had a numerical advantage. The militia encamped at the Arbat Gate, between two fires. On one side the Poles of Hetman Chodkiewicz were advancing, on the other the Poles were advancing. But Pozharsky had no other position. All that remained was either to win, or to put the entire army on the battlefield. The bloody slaughter lasted two days. The chronicler tells how “Minin, not skilled in military desire, but brave with daring,” at a critical moment of the battle asked Pozharsky for three horse noble hundreds. He crossed the Crimean ford of the Moscow River and struck the enemy from the rear. The Hetman's army did not have time to prepare for the rebuff. In panic, the enemy company flew into the reitar riding horses and crushed their formations. The Cossacks came to Minin's aid. Meanwhile, Minin’s warriors had already reached the city’s outer rampart. The Poles retreated to the Don Monastery. At the end of October 1612, they left the outskirts of Moscow in disgrace.

So, in the fateful autumn of 1612, the Second Zemstvo Militia under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the Nizhny Novgorod posad elder Kuzma Minin not only liberated Moscow from foreign invaders who had held out in the Russian capital for more than two years. But it also took a decisive step to end the Troubles, which shook the Russian state for almost two decades.

October 22 – 26 (November 1 – 5, new style) 1612, the victorious militia liberated Kitay-Gorod and entered the Kremlin. These days rightfully occupy an honorable place among the most important dates in Russian history and, undoubtedly, deserve to be marked on the calendar as a public holiday, symbolizing the unity of the nation and designed to form in millions of people the most important quality - a citizen of their country.

In 1612, the “land,” that is, the people, came to defend the country. Broad sections of the population, united for a decisive struggle, created, one after another, two powerful militias - first on Ryazan land, and then in Nizhny Novgorod, and liberated and cleansed Russia of Polish and Swedish invaders.

In February 1613, a new king, 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected, and legal power and a new dynasty appeared in the country.

And although the way out of the deepest crisis generated by the Troubles took many more years, the main thing was done: the destruction of the state was stopped, and the people united in the struggle for freedom set an example of the triumph of spirit and unity.

After the victory, Dmitry Pozharsky, together with Prince Trubetskoy, headed the provisional government. Beginning in 1628, for almost three years, Dmitry Mikhailovich was the governor in Novgorod. The new Tsar Mikhail Romanov granted Minin the title of Duma nobleman and awarded him a fief - the village of Bogorodskoye in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Since 1613, the hero of the Nizhny Novgorod militia lived at the royal court, participated in meetings of the boyar Duma. On January 20, 1616, upon returning from the Cheremis lands, Minin died suddenly. He was buried in one of the cemeteries in Nizhny Novgorod. Then the ashes were transferred to the tomb of the Transfiguration Cathedral. Until the mid-19th century, the central place on the tomb was occupied by the inscription: “Deliverer of Moscow - Lover of the Fatherland.” Now the cathedral is destroyed. Now the ashes are in the St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin.

At the beginning of the 19th century, after the disgrace at Austerlitz, Emperor AlexanderIsigned peace with Napoleon. But AlexanderIunderstood perfectly well that France would still attack Russia. It was necessary to prepare for war. It was then that the ideas of Minin and Pozharsky again came to the aid of the state. On November 30, 1806, the emperor issues a manifesto on creation following the example of the great ancestors. By the time of Napoleon’s attack, Russia had not only regular troops, but also 612 thousand militia warriors, among them were Nizhny Novgorod residents.

- Name a war in which the entire multinational people bravely fought the enemy shoulder to shoulder. That's right, this is the Great Patriotic War. She showed that when the people are united and united, it is impossible to defeat them.

The feat of citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky is written in golden letters in the history of Russia. Their names have always been associated with true patriotism and selflessness. It is no coincidence that during difficult periods for the country, the memory of the heroic militia raised Russians to new exploits.

Literature

Chernova, M. N. Working with documents in history lessons. 10th grade / M. N. Chernova, V. Ya. Rumyantsev. – M.: Iris-press, 2008. – 192 p.

Shestakov, A.V. History of the USSR in artistic and historical images: From ancient times to the end of the 18th century. Reader for teachers / Comp. A. V. Shestakov. – M.: Education, 1985. – 240 p.

National Unity Day is celebrated as a major public holiday throughout the great Russia on October 4. The presentation tells about the history of this holiday, which has more than one century behind it. His main date of birth is called 1612, when Minin and Pozharsky organized the people to defend the city of Moscow and the entire Russian land. In unity they defeated the enemy. This and other historical facts are described in a presentation that can be downloaded from the website for free and shown to schoolchildren on National Unity Day.

Do not forget the holidays that are associated with the history of the people. They should be proud. Children need to be raised on them as they grow up. For a long time this date was forgotten in Russia. It's time to revive the holiday and talk about this topic. Since 2005, Unity Day in Russia has been a great day worthy of veneration of glorious people and the icon of the Kazan Mother of God.

The presentation will tell students from grades 5 to 9 about the history of the Unity Day holiday. At such an event, it is possible to develop in students both a patriotic feeling of love for the Motherland and an awareness of the need to be prepared to defend our country from any aggressor.

The presentation slides telling the history of Unity Day are filled with historical information and documentary photographs, pictures that characterize this event:

• Start
• The first militia in Ryazan in 1611
• Second militia in Nizhny Novgorod
• Liberation of Moscow
• The first monument in Moscow to Minin and Pozharsky
• Revival of the holiday
• People's Unity Day since 2005 (November 4)
• Tolerance (concept)

You can download the presentation on the theme of National Unity Day not only for class hours, but also for history lessons and the surrounding world.

Scenario and presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day. The purpose of the event is to explain to schoolchildren the significance and meaning of the new holiday in the Russian Federation, and to foster patriotism.

Presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day. Contains historical information, information about the origin of the holiday, and a quiz. Introduces students to architecture and painting.

The material contains a script and presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day in primary school. It develops in schoolchildren a sense of patriotism and love for the Motherland, an interest in the history of Russia, and forms a sense of responsibility for their country.

Presentation for a class hour dedicated to National Unity Day. Students will learn about the Time of Troubles, about the struggle against the invaders, about Minin and Pozharsky.

A presentation for class on the topic “Unity is our strength” was made by a primary school teacher. It will definitely appeal to students in grades 1 - 4. This work will help organize a lesson in acquiring new knowledge. The lesson is proposed to be held in the form of a concert. A slide show can be organized throughout the lesson, gradually revealing the topic stated above. The resource proposed for use will tell schoolchildren about the history of the National Unity Day holidays. Properly selected material will allow the teacher to instill in children the basic ideas about the events that occurred in 1612 and talk about their further significance for Russia. Aphorisms of great people, excerpts from the story “Ivan Susanin” and poems about our Motherland will help instill in schoolchildren patriotic principles and a sense of pride in their people.

The slides have a lot of visual images, there are lyrics of popular songs and beautiful poems from Russia. The show also includes photos from the lesson, which show the children’s keen interest in the proposed topic. 12 slides will help reveal it.

The presentation reveals the most pressing topic of today. Schoolchildren will talk about the fact that one cannot live separately, that one must preserve those friendly ties that have been created over the years. It is very easy to destroy, but in difficult moments you have to seek help from those closest to you, so it is not for nothing that people say that our strength is in unity. These words became the motto of a lesson or class hour, which must be taught in primary grades (1 - 4).

A travel form is offered for the lesson. Children hit the road and stop at the following stations:

1. Olympic Games;
2. Slavic writing;
3. Crimea and Sevastopol.

Each stop once again proves that at all times people were friendly, they respected their roots. We cannot be separated even today, because if we lose connections, we will lose our strength.

The presentation talks about the complexities of national relations in the modern world. It is especially difficult to build them in large states where hundreds of nationalities live. However, we should not feel inconvenienced by this; on the contrary, being together makes us stronger. It is this topic “There is strength in unity” that the teacher will reveal during a thematic class hour, which is recommended to be conducted using an electronic resource in grades 5–7.

12 slides will fill the lesson with warmth and kindness, sow the sprouts of friendship and hope, because in this lesson (class hour) we will talk about the most sacred:

• nations;
• nationality;
• nationalism;
• patriotism;
• tolerance;
• National Unity Day.

The presentation was prepared for a unified all-Kuban class hour at school on September 1, 2015 on the topic “Our strength is in unity.” The work includes exactly 13 slides, on which are portraits of famous people - natives of the Kuban land. Each of them made their small contribution to ensuring that today Kuban is a happy, prosperous region.

In the photo in front of the schoolchildren are outstanding Kuban Cossacks: Ataman Golovaty, Stepanova, who did not receive her sons from the war, collector Kovalenko, the Kirlian spouses. Pustovoit,. Khanzhiyan, Zakharchenko, Zhigulenko, Lukyanenko, Rossinsky, Obraztsov, Gorbatko. This list could be much longer and, if necessary, the teacher can continue it at his own discretion, adding photos of fellow countrymen.

21.03.2017 12:48

This classroom development will help students learn about this day. Because every person should know why and why we celebrate this holiday “National Unity Day”.

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“Class hour National Unity Day”

Class hour

4 November

National Unity Day

Goal: to develop a sense of citizenship and patriotism, love for the Motherland, interest in the history of the Russian state; cultivate a sense of pride and respect for the defenders of the state; to form responsibility for the fate of the Motherland.

PROGRESS OF THE CLASS HOUR

1 slide

Today we will talk about the national holiday of Russia - National Unity Day

2 slide

Let's start the class hour by singing the anthem of the Russian Federation.

performance of 1 verse and chorus of the anthem.

Words of the Russian anthem

Russia is our sacred power,
Russia is our beloved country.
Mighty will, great glory -
Your treasure for all time!

From the southern seas to the polar edge

Our forests and fields are spread out.
You are the only one in the world! You're the only one -
God-protected native land!

Hail, our Fatherland is free,
An age-old union of fraternal peoples,

This is the folk wisdom given by our ancestors!
Hail, country! We are proud of you!

Wide scope for dreams and for life
The years to come reveal to us.
Our loyalty to the Fatherland gives us strength.
So it was, so it is and so it will always be!

Hail, our Fatherland is free,
An age-old union of fraternal peoples,
This is the folk wisdom given by our ancestors!
Hail, country! We are proud of you!

3 slide

Purpose: to test students’ knowledge of reproducing previously received information on this class topic.

(students answer questions, teacher summarizes their answers)

What does this holiday call us to? The holiday is intended to remind us that we Russians are one people with a common historical destiny and a common future.

What is the essence of National Unity Day?Day of National Unity, imbued with the ideas of national harmony, social unity, strengthening of Russian statehood, mutual understanding, mercy, and care for people. National Unity Day is a testament to the unity of people and service to society.

Why do we need unity? In order to build Russia together. When we have trust in each other, when our friendship is strong, we will be able to protect our Motherland from any danger.

4 slide

Reading by heart poems dedicated to the DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY.

Natalia Maidanik
UNITY FOREVER
Gone into the history of the year
Kings and peoples changed,
But times are troubled, adversity
Rus' will never forget!

The line is written with victory,
And the verse glorifies past heroes,
He defeated the people of rogue enemies,
Gained freedom forever!

And Rus' rose from its knees
In hands with an icon before the battle,
Blessed with prayer
To the sound of coming changes.

Villages, towns, cities
With bow to the Russian people
Today we celebrate freedom
And Unity Day forever!

DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY
There's no arguing with history
Live with history
She unites
For feat and for work

One state
When the people are united
When great power
He moves forward.

He defeats the enemy
United in battle,
And Rus' liberates
And sacrifices himself.
For the glory of those heroes
We live by one destiny
Today is Unity Day
We celebrate with you!

This the holiday of Russian unity was established in memory of the events of November 4, 1612, when soldiers of the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-Gorod, liberating Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating an example of heroism and unity of the entire people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society.

5 slide Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries.

6 slide After the death of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Moscow throne began to shake. The king had three sons. The eldest died, the middle one, frail and weak, did not reign for long. What happened to the youngest, Dmitry, is unknown. Either he died due to illness, or due to an accident. And there was a rumor among the people: of course, they killed the royal child! And the murderer is the one who became king instead of Dmitry:

7 slide Godunov Boris Fedorovich! Boris Godunov did a lot of good for the country and planned even more. But the people never forgave him for the death of Tsarevich Dmitry. And then there’s crop failure and famine. Who is guilty? Of course, the murderer king: God is punishing him!

8 slide And a terrible time began in the Russian state, which was called the Time of Troubles.

Kings are impostors Suddenly, a fugitive monk Grigory Otrepyev appeared in Lithuania and called himself Tsarevich Dmitry, who miraculously escaped! The Polish king recognized him and gave him an army to win back his “father’s” throne. Boris Godunov did not have time to restore order in the country: he died. My heart failed me. Or did your conscience torture you?.. Without waiting for the Polish army to approach, the boyars dealt with the children of Boris Godunov: they killed their son Fyodor, and imprisoned their daughter Ksenia in a monastery.

Slide 9 The Pretender has reigned in Moscow. This Pretender - he remained in history as False Dmitry I - turned out to be a good sovereign. The Poles and boyars were prevented from ruining Rus'. That's why they killed him, replacing him with another - an insignificant one, who also called himself Tsarevich Dmitry.

10 slide He became False Dmitry II. This impostor False Dmitry II, having gathered an army, moved towards Moscow. On the way, he and his army set up camp in the village of Tushino, which is why he received the nickname “Tushino Thief.”

11 slide And then he decided to place the Polish prince Vladislav on the Moscow throne. They sent ambassadors to the Polish king Sigismund. And he said: “I myself will sit on the throne in Moscow. Rus' will become part of the Polish kingdom!

12 slide"The state that interfered in Russian affairs during the Time of Troubles, called- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which included Poland and Lithuania. Then the patience of the people came to an end.

Slide 13National unity Ryazan resident Prokopiy Lyapunov gathered a militia and moved towards Moscow. The Poles and traitor boyars were frightened and drew up a letter with the order to disband the militia.

Slide 14 And they went to Patriarch Hermogenes: “You are the most important in the Russian church. The people will listen to you. Sign the letter!” The patriarch refused and called on the Russian people to oppose the invaders.

15 slide Lyapunov's militia was small and could not take Moscow. It was defeated. Its leader, Prokopiy Lyapunov, died. But the call of Patriarch Hermogenes spread throughout all Russian cities.

16 slide They also heard it in Nizhny Novgorod. The local merchant Kozma Minin was the first to donate all his wealth to the militia and made an appeal to the residents of the city. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod gathered a large army.

Slide 17 It was headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The militia moved towards Moscow and grew by leaps and bounds along the way. People flocked from everywhere.

18 slideThe militia of Minin and Pozharsky also stopped in the city of Yaroslavl for replenishment before the march on Moscow. And in Moscow, the Poles again demanded from the patriarch: “Order the militia, let them disperse!” “May God’s mercy and our blessing be upon them!” answered Hermogenes. “Let the traitors be cursed both in this century and in the future.”

And so it happened! The entire Russian land stood up against the invaders and traitors. The battles for Moscow began. Prince Pozharsky turned out to be a talented commander. And Kozma Minin, not sparing his life, fought under the walls of the capital like a simple warrior.

Slide 19 Pozharsky besieged Moscow for two months. Soon the Poles surrendered, Pozharsky triumphantly entered the city. November 4 (October 22, old style) 1612 The enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors, the militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod.

20 slide When times of peace came, the new tsar generously rewarded Minin and Pozharsky. But the best reward was people's memory. It is not for nothing that a monument to them stands on Red Square - in the very heart of Russia. And such a monument was erected in Nizhny Novgorod.

21 slidesNational hero. Ivan Osipovich Susanin became a truly national hero of that harsh time. At the beginning of 1613, when Moscow had already been liberated from Polish invaders, troops of invaders were still roaming Russian soil in the hope of changing the outcome of the war.

22 slide One of these detachments wanted to capture the newly elected Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who lived near Kostroma.

Slide 23 The son of Patriarch Filaret - Fyodor Nikitich Romanov.

24 slide It was then that a peasant from the village of Domnino, located near Kostroma, Ivan Osipovich Susanin, accomplished his famous feat. The enemies tried to make him their guide, but he led the invaders into a deep forest, killed them, but died himself. Proof of the reality of Ivan Osipovich Susanin’s feat is the royal charter granting Bogdan Sabinin (Susanin’s son-in-law) half of the village for the feat of his late father-in-law.

25 slide Works of musical, visual and verbal art are dedicated to Ivan Susanin and his feat: the opera by M. I. Glinka “Ivan Susanin” (“Life for the Tsar”), the opera by K. A. Kavos (“Ivan Susanin”), the duma by K. F. Ryleev “Ivan Susanin”, drama by N. A. Polevoy “Kostroma Forests”, painting by M. I. Scotti “The Feat of Ivan Susanin”.

26 slide

Dramatization of K. Ryleev's poem "Ivan Susanin"

Characters:

Reader, I. Susanin, Poles (3-4 people).

Pole: Where are you taking us?.. not a thing in sight, -

Reader: Susanin's enemies cried out with heart.

Pole:

We get stuck and drown in drifts of snow;
We know we won't be able to stay with you overnight
You've lost your way, brother, probably on purpose,
But you won’t be able to save Mikhail.

Pole: Where have you taken us?"

Reader: the old Lyakh cried out

Susanin "Where you need it,

Reader: Susanin said

Susanin:

Kill, torture, my grave is here.
But know and strive: I saved Mikhail.
You thought you found a traitor in me,
They are not and will not be on Russian Earth!

Poles:"3 villain!"

Reader: the enemies shouted, boiling.

Poles:"You will die under swords."

Susanin:

"Your anger is not terrible
He who is Russian at heart, cheerfully and boldly,
And joyfully dies for a just cause.
Neither execution nor death and I am not afraid:
Without flinching, I will die for the Tsar and for Rus'."

Poles:"Die!"

Reader: The Poles cried out to the hero,
And the sabers above the old man, whistling, flashed.

Pole:"Perie, traitor! Your end has come!"

Reader: And the strong Susanin fell, covered in wounds.
The snow is pure, the purest blood is stained:
She saved Mikhail for Russia

Slide 27"The Election of Mikhail Romanov to the Tsar"

28 slide A monument to I. O. Susanin was erected in Kostroma.

Slide 29

Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God

November 4, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, has been celebrated as “National Unity Day” since 2005. This is not a new holiday at all, but a return to an old tradition. The celebration of the Most Holy Theotokos, in honor of Her icon, called "Kazan", was established on this day in gratitude for the deliverance of Moscow and all of Russia from the invasion of the Poles in 1612. A miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary was sent from Kazan to the militia, which was headed by Prince Pozharsky. Knowing that the disaster was allowed due to sins, the entire people and militia imposed a three-day fast on themselves and prayerfully turned to the Lord and His Most Pure Mother for heavenly help. And the prayer was answered.

30 slide

In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky, at his own expense, built a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the 20s of the 17th century.

The celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary was established in 1649. And to this day this icon is especially revered by the Russian Orthodox people. Later, due to the revolution of 1917 and subsequent events, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists was interrupted, but today it has been restored again! .

31 slides

SUMMARY OF THE CONVERSATION.

1. What is November 4th? The holiday DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY is a tribute to deep respect for those significant pages of national history when patriotism and citizenship helped our people unite and protect the country from invaders. Overcome times of anarchy and strengthen the Russian state.

November 4- it's day saving Russia from the greatest danger that had ever threatened her;
November 4- This revived holiday with its own history;
November 4- it's day real cases, and not dubious marches.

32 slide

Reading by heart a poem by Natalia Maidanik.
CONSCITION
On Unity Day we will be close,
We'll be together forever
All nationalities of Russia
In distant villages and cities!

Live, work, build together,
Sowing grain, raising children,
Create, love and argue,
Protect people's peace

To honor our ancestors, to remember their deeds,
Avoid wars and conflicts,
To fill your life with happiness,
To sleep under a peaceful sky!

.

Slide 33(go to the quiz when you click the Quiz button)

34 – 44 slides

QUIZ QUESTIONS (go to the quiz when you click the Quiz button

1. What was the name of the state that interfered in Russian affairs during the Time of Troubles?
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

2. Who led the first militia of 1611?
Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov

3. What historical event occurred on November 4 (October 22, old style) 1612?
The militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod.

4. What was the name of the national hero of that time?
Ivan Osipovich Susanin.

5. Name the city in which the militia of Minin and Pozharsky stopped for several months to be replenished with newly arrived forces before the march on Moscow.
Yaroslavl

6. Which of the contenders for the Moscow throne was called the “Tushino thief”?
False Dmitry II

7. In gratitude for the help and intercession, Prince Pozharsky, at his own expense, built a wooden cathedral in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the 20s of the 17th century. What Temple are we talking about?
Kazan Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow.

8. What event is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Rus'?
With the accession of Mikhail Romanov.

9. In what year was the Celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary first established on November 4?
in 1649

10. What is the name of the public holiday that we celebrate on November 4?
National Unity Day.

45slide

Thank you for your attention

National Unity Day

Under what name did the beginning of the 17th century go down in history?

Time of Troubles

False Dmitry the First

Civil uprising

Mikhail Romanov

Kazan Cathedral

View presentation content
"class hour 4. 11"

Wide are you, Rus', across the face of the earth

Unfolded in royal beauty!

Don't you have heroic powers?

Old saint, high-profile feats?

There is a reason for this, mighty Rus',

To love you, to call you mother,

Stand up for your honor against your enemy,

I need to lay down my head for you in need!

National Unity Day is celebrated in Russia

November 4 is the date of the end of the Time of Troubles and liberation from Polish invaders in 1612.

Boris Godunov

• After the death of Tsar Fedor, a new tsar, Boris Godunov, was elected at the Zemsky Sobor.
• He was a strong, ambitious statesman, led a successful foreign policy, and under him the state, ruined under Ivan the Terrible, was strengthened.

False Dmitry 1

• Boris Godunov had many enemies. Taking advantage of the country's weakness, Poland supported False Dmitry 1 and began a campaign against Russia.
• Tsar Boris Godunov suddenly died, and the Polish False Dmitry I was crowned king in Moscow.

Vasily Shuisky

The reign of False Dmitry I lasted 11 months. As a result of a conspiracy led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, the boyars killed the Pole and False Dmitry I was also killed.

The boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.

• In the summer of 1610, a group of boyars and nobles forced

V.I. Shuisky abdicate the throne and become a monk. Power passed into the hands of the "Seven Boyars".

• In 1611, the former Russian Tsar Vasily Shuisky was brought as a prisoner to Poland to King Sigismund. Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky died in a foreign land on September 12, 1612.

• Not wanting to choose a tsar from among the boyars again and trying to reconcile with the Poles, the seven-boyars proposed calling the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne

False Dmitry II

• False Dmitry II - impostor . In 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub-Seversky and impersonated the king Dmitry Ioannovich (son of Ivan the Terrible), allegedly happily escaped during the Moscow Uprising of 1606.

• He received support from the Poles and the Russian boyars. In May 1608, False Dmitry II defeated the troops of V. Shuisky.
• Having failed to occupy the capital, he camped in the village of Tushino near Moscow, for which he received the nickname " Tushino thief ".
• In 1609, he lost the support of the Poles and was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he was killed.

DUAL POWER

The country has established dual power .

In fact, in Russia there were two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two systems of orders.

IN Tushino The “thieves' Duma” was ruled by the boyars Romanovs, Saltykovs, Trubetskoys. Tushino also had its own patriarch, Filaret.

Boyars for selfish purposes passed from Vasily Shuisky to the impostor and back; such boyars were called “perelets.”

Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century

In 1610, the boyars opened the gates and allowed Polish troops into Moscow.

Muscovites rebelled. Almost all of Moscow burned down. Most of the residents died...

Polish troops spread throughout the country.

The Swedes captured Veliky Novgorod.

The interventionists tore the country apart.

The death of Russia seemed inevitable...

The whole people rose up to fight.

Prince D. M. Pozharsky became the military leader of the militia.

Kuzma Minin (1578-1642)

« We should not spare our property, we should not spare anything,

sell yards,

pawn wives and children,

hit him with his forehead

who would stand up for

true Orthodox faith

and was our boss »

Kuzma Minin, a seller of meat and fish, a zemstvo elder, was considered a “favorite person” in Nizhny Novgorod for his honesty and “wise sense.”

According to Minin’s advice, people donated “third money”, i.e. third part of the property.

People chose as their leader Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who was being treated for wounds on his estate.

Other cities, raised by the district charter, soon joined the Nizhny Novgorod residents.

For almost a whole year, the Russian people gathered their forces, and finally, in July 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky marched on Moscow.

In April 1612, a huge militia was already stationed in Yaroslavl with Prince Pozharsky and Minin at its head.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky (1578-1641)

Prince Pozharsky, having become the head of the militia, assumed full power over the Russian land, but remained modest and easy to use.

He never sought exclusive influence on people and events.

After the victory, the new king elevated him to boyar.

Nizhny Novgorod became the center of the liberation movement. In September 1611

Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin called on city residents to defend their Motherland. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was elected governor.

So the people's militia now had two leaders.

The battle for the capital was stubborn and bloody. With the oath “We will die for Holy Rus'!” The militia fought bravely.

All the hearts, all the souls, all the thoughts, all the desires of the Russian people united in this cry. However, the outcome of the battle remained unclear.

But then Minin selected 300 excellent warriors and boldly rushed with them at the enemy from behind - into the very thick of the Poles.

Such an unexpected attack confused the Polish army, its ranks were upset, and the Russians took advantage of this disorder. In August a decisive victory was won over the Poles, and in October Moscow was cleared of occupiers.

These are the real heroes.

They managed to unite the people around the idea of ​​serving the Fatherland.

They started talking about brotherly love and sacrifice.

Among the anger, greed and despair that gripped the people, they reminded that there is no greater feat than to give your life for your brother... .

Monument to K. Minin and D. Pozharsky on Red Square

“Russia is grateful to Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin. 1818" .

Kazan Cathedral, was built in

20s of the 17th century at the expense of the prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky in gratitude for help and intercession in the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.

• It seemed that Russia no longer existed, that culture, everyday life, morality, and law would disappear into oblivion.

• Love for Russia turned out to be stronger than hatred for the serf owners.

• The call to unite came from the bottom of society.

• Having forgotten their grievances, people of different social strata stood in one formation: merchants, peasants, nobility, clergy, Cossacks.

• It was the militia that decided the fate of the Russian state.

• It was a demonstration of the will to independence,

love for the Motherland, the ability to self-organize,

when there is no central power, when people alien to Russia are on the throne.

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a new king - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov .

Mikhail Fedorovich

Romanov

• Mikhail Fedorovich is the founder of the Tsarist-Imperial Romanov dynasty, the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov boyar family.
• On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov as sovereign of All Rus'.

Crisis of the Russian state

Ruin of cities

and villages

Murder

innocent

of people

Threat to national

independence

Raising money for the people

militia organized

zemstvo elder

K.A.Minin

Formation of people's militias

In Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod

In 1611, under the leadership of D. Pozharsky

Are we, Russian people, capable of a common cause today?

• This will be repeated many times in Russian history. Ordinary Russian people, who realized that the country was threatened by a mortal enemy, selflessly come to her defense.
• Example: The feat of a Kostroma peasant will forever serve as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland Ivan Susanina, who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish invaders, leading his enemies into a dense forest and into a swamp (1613). According to legend, in this way he saved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was then living in Kostroma and was elected to the kingdom.

• 1812 People's militia - patriots of Smolensk, Borodino. Tarutino.

• A massive partisan movement that made the French presence in Russia unbearable. The militia that pursued the enemy, making it possible to preserve the main forces of the Russian army.

People's Militia 1941

• The year 1941 again showed that the militia is an amazing, unique manifestation of the Russian soul, a fact of readiness to sacrifice for the sake of their Motherland. Volunteers won time to deploy a regular army.
• THEY ALL had one thing in common:

• Who if not us?
• The Motherland is behind us!

• Without understanding, awareness, education feelings of sovereignty, patriotism

in each of us

is our Fatherland can't really become GREAT POWER .

• THE FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY IS YOURS, TODAY'S SCHOOLCHILDREN.

check yourself

• What is the name of the national holiday that was first celebrated in Russia on November 4, 2005?

• National Unity Day

• Under what name did the beginning of the 17th century go down in history?

• Time of Troubles

• About whom the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky said: “It was only baked in a Polish oven, and fermented in Moscow”

• False Dmitry the First

• What is the name of an army created on a voluntary basis?

• Civil uprising

• For the first time in the history of Russia, this tsar was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.

• Mikhail Romanov

check yourself

• The man whose appearance on the historical stage in 1608 served to create DUAL POWER: “For almost two years Russia had two capitals, two kings, two Patriarchs”

• False Dmitry II "Tushinsky thief"

• In memory of the expulsion of the Polish-Lithuanian-Swedish occupiers from our land, three churches were built. One of them was erected with the money of D. Pozharsky on the corner of Red Square and Nikolskaya Street. What is the name of this temple?

• Kazan Cathedral

• Each holiday has its own symbolism. Suggest what could become a symbol of the holiday of national unity (emblem, motto, coat of arms, image)

This slide contains self-test questions. After the students' answer options, the correct answer appears on the screen with a mouse click.

The purpose of the lesson is to promote:

• instilling in students patriotism, respect for the history and traditions of our Motherland, and citizenship;
• development of schoolchildren's worldview beliefs based on their understanding of historical events, the ability to trace the connection between history and modernity;
• students’ understanding of their status as a citizen of Russia, a member of the Moscow community;
• developing students’ ability to analyze information presented in different sign systems (text, map, illustration, diagram, audiovisual).

Lesson provision:

• Historical map “Russia in the 17th century” with the insert diagram “Liberation of Moscow on October 26, 1612”;
• Russian anthem;
• illustrations for the lesson (see presentation);
• book by N. Konchalovskaya “Our Ancient Capital”;
• musical piece – choir “Glory” from the opera “A Life for the Tsar” by M. Glinka;
• fragments of computer programs.

National Unity Day is dedicated to the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders on October 26–27, 1612 (old style) The second militia under the leadership of citizen K. Minin and Prince D. Pozharsky.

When conducting a lesson, it is necessary to take into account that the children are still little familiar with Russian history. Therefore, the task comes to the fore to introduce them to the events of the Time of Troubles, to explain why the day of the liberation of Moscow in 1612 became an official holiday - the Day of National Unity.

Teacher: Our lesson today is dedicated to a new holiday, which will be celebrated in our country on November 4th. What day is this? What is it dedicated to? Finding answers to these questions is the task of our lesson.

On the calendar you and I see dates marked in red. These are the dates that are celebrated in Russia. Please tell me, what holidays do you celebrate with your parents? Each of these holidays is associated with some tradition, custom, historical event, or memorable date. On November 4 we will celebrate National Unity Day. Think about how you can explain the word “unity”? (Union) This means that the holiday is associated with an event in which the unity of all citizens of the country was manifested. When is the unification of all citizens of the country? Why?

Reference: IN There were periods in Russian history when the unification of people made it possible to rid the country of danger hanging over her. This was the case when Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy gathered a united Russian army and opposed the hordes of Khan Mamai on Kulikovo Field, when all the people united against the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon in Patriotic War of 1812 year, as well as during Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 gg.

In the history of Russia, in the 17th century, there was a period called the Time of Troubles. The events associated with it gave rise to a new holiday. Look at the painting “Time of Troubles” (see presentation). What impression does the event depicted in the picture make on you? Who is depicted on it?

You see people in foreign dress. These are invaders from Poland who came to Russia to seize power in the country and spread a religion alien to Russia - Catholic. The danger looming over the country was great. In 1611, the interventionists entered Moscow, the capital of Russia.

N.

How the Kremlin invaders waited for the king

Rus' is burning, blazing, groaning

Under the yoke of Polish gangs.

There are enemies in the Kremlin.

Colonel Strus is the Kremlin commandant.

Having robbed Moscow, robbed,

A horde of gentlemen is waiting,

What is Prince Vladislav

From Poland he will come to the Kremlin,

He will come and take the Moscow throne,

And Rus' will become Poland.

Strengthen the Kremlin on all sides

Colonel Strus says.

The government could not cope with the situation in the country. And then the citizens of Russia themselves took up the task of liberating the country. In Nizhny Novgorod, a militia was convened - a people's army, funds for which were collected by the city residents themselves, and then other Russian cities joined in fundraising. The organizer of the militia was the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Kozma Minin, and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky took over military leadership.

Tell me, who knows these names? Where did you meet them? Have you been to Red Square? Who is depicted on the monument standing near St. Basil's Cathedral? (the teacher shows an image of the monument to D. Pozharsky and K. Minin - see presentation).

In 1818, the very first sculptural monument in Russia was erected to Moscow Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Nizhny Novgorod merchant Kozma Minin. The entire people collected funds for the monument to the heroic liberators from the Polish-gentry invaders. The words are written on the monument: “Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky.”

Look at the painting “Appeal of Kozma Minin to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in 1611.” (see presentation). What does it show? What emotions does this picture evoke in you?

N. Konchalovskaya. “Our Ancient Capital” (excerpt):

A true story about Minin the merchant and fighter

From Muscovites are being called,

There is a call toVolga waters.

It goes, covering the whole earth.

ReachedLower call,

Beforeelders, beforeman -

Nizhny Novgorod butcher,

That his name was Minin-Sukhoruk.

Heall the people gathered around:

“Volzhanians! Orthodox people!

Poles are beating Russians everywhere!

Is the enemy invincible?

Are we really going to give up the land?

No! Behindleading the people

Let's go towe have no livessparing!

Notwe will spare houses, cages,

Neithergold orsilver,

Let's pawn our wives and children!

The time has come!

As they moved towards Moscow through large Russian cities (map - see presentation), the militia was replenished with people and funds. At the end of July - beginning of August 1612, the militia approached Moscow. After a long siege, the Poles, holed up in the Kremlin, capitulated. On October 27, 1612, the capital of the Russian state was liberated. The expulsion of the enemy from Moscow marked the beginning of the liberation of Russian lands from foreign invaders.

October 27 is the date according to the old calendar style. In our calendar it falls on November 4th. Therefore, a holiday in memory of this event was established on this day.

Why do you think Moscow was liberated? What new did you learn in today's lesson?

He who stands up for his homeland is a true hero.

Proverb

Students in grades 5–7 have not yet studied the relevant topic in history lessons, but when conducting a lesson, you can rely on the material studied in the lessons of Moscow studies, literature, MHC, as well as obtained during excursions around Moscow.

The lesson can be conducted in the form of a conversation with students, short stories from the teacher and pre-prepared schoolchildren giving brief historical information.

Teacher: For the first time in Russia, this new national holiday was celebrated on November 4, 2005. It is connected with the events of the 17th century, which went down in history as the Time of Troubles. In October 1612, the people's militia under the leadership of Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from Polish invaders, marking the beginning of the liberation of Russian lands from foreign invaders.

What associations does the phrase “Time of Troubles” evoke in you? Look at the picture (see presentation), connect its content with the name of the historical period.

The painting was painted in 1908. Artists, writers, and poets have repeatedly returned to the events of the Time of Troubles, finding in them an example of national unity in difficult years. Maybe you know examples of such works?

It is no coincidence that the first sculptural monument in Russia was dedicated to the liberators of Moscow in 1612. Where is it located? What does it depict?

The monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected in 1818 according to the design of the sculptor P. Martos (see presentation). The entire people collected funds for the monument to the heroic liberators from the Polish-gentry invaders. The words are written on the monument: “Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky.”

What event in the heroic history of Russia is close to this date? The war with Napoleon, which became the Patriotic War, was also an example of national unity. After all, the whole society rose to defend the country. Thus, in this monument a meeting of events separated by a century took place.

Next come short reports from students about the Time of Troubles, K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, the organization of the people's militia, the liberation of Moscow, or the teacher's story, accompanied by illustrations, work with a map (see historical background, presentation).

Summing up the lesson.

– What feelings did the story about the events of the Time of Troubles and the liberation of Moscow in October 1612 evoke in you? Do you think our government did the right thing by establishing the holiday “National Unity Day”?

To reinforce the material presented, you can solve a crossword puzzle with students (see presentation).

“The unity of Russia is strengthened by the patriotism inherent in our people, cultural traditions, and common historical memory.”

V.V. Putin

The teacher notes that the establishment of a new holiday, National Unity Day on November 4, is associated with the events of the Time of Troubles, with the liberation of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky from Polish invaders on October 26–27, 1612.

These events are familiar to students from Russian history courses. Therefore, when conducting a lesson, it is necessary to focus on drawing parallels between historical events and the modern history of Russia.

The lesson can be based on a discussion of issues that allow students to express their point of view.

Issues for discussion.

1. How can we explain the concepts of “national unity”, “national identity”?
2. In what periods of Russian history did these concepts acquire the most relevant meaning?
3. What dates in Russian history could be celebrated as National Unity Day? Give reasons for your opinion.
4. Why do you think that when establishing a new holiday, preference was given to the events of the Time of Troubles?
5. The establishment of National Unity Day was approved by the Russian Orthodox Church. Why?

P.S. During the holidays, you can plan excursions to Red Square, the Museum of Moscow History, and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Brief historical background

The events of October 1612 were preceded by years that went down in the history of our country as the Time of Troubles. The death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich Romanov interrupted the ruling Rurik dynasty, and a period began in the country, called by contemporaries “statelessness.” The absence of a “natural” king, imposture, civil war and intervention are characteristic features of this time.

Some historians call the Time of Troubles a time of untapped opportunities for Russia.

Boris Godunov, the first elected tsar in Russia, made every effort to overcome the devastation inherited from the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The country began a hitherto unprecedented construction of cities and fortifications. New fortifications also surrounded Moscow. Taking care of strengthening cities, Godunov sought to alleviate the situation of the townspeople. He preferred to negotiate with other states rather than war. The king sought to open the country to Europeans. Perhaps he was the first of the Russian monarchs to fully understand the importance of the enlightened West. Long before Peter the Great, he selected 18 Moscow nobles and sent them to different countries to study. But the inability to cope with the consequences of the famine of the early 17th century did not allow Godunov dynasty opportunity to continue on the Russian throne.

Crowned with the royal crown on July 30, 1605, Tsarevich Dmitry (False Dmitry I) was the image of a European ruler. But he too decisively destroyed the image of the demigod king, for which he was overthrown.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky is another untapped opportunity for Russia. The fact is that, upon ascending the throne, V. Shuisky swore allegiance to his subjects for the first time. He solemnly kissed the cross and gave the corresponding “record” that he would not condemn or put anyone to death without a “true” trial with his boyars, and would not persecute and deprive the relatives and heirs of the disgraced person of their property if they were innocent. The Tsar pledged not to listen to false denunciations and to rely only on a fair investigation. “The king turned from a sovereign of slaves into a legitimate king of his subjects, ruling according to the laws” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).

The outbreak of the civil war intensified the division in society. An attempt to elevate another protege of Poland to the throne, False Dmitry II (“Tushino thief”) ended in failure. An open invasion of Polish troops into Russia began (intervention).

In September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III besieged Smolensk. The defense was headed by governor M.B. Shein. For almost 21 months the garrison and armed residents of the city held Smolensk.

The Russian boyars sent an embassy to Sigismund III to ask for his son, Prince Vladislav, to take the Russian throne. In February 1610, a Russian-Polish treaty was concluded. It repeated the “cross-kissing record” of Vasily Shuisky and gave guarantees that Russia would not become part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and would retain independence. The gentry were prohibited from holding administrative positions in Russia. Only one point caused controversy: the fanatical Catholic Sigismund III did not agree for his son to accept the Orthodox faith. If Vladislav had converted to Orthodoxy, he would have lost his right to the Polish throne and would have simply become a Russian Tsar of foreign origin. This was a common occurrence in Western Europe. After all, Sigismund III himself was a Polish king of Swedish origin. In the Russian state structure, contractual principles could become stronger.

On July 17, 1610, the boyars demanded that V. Shuisky abdicate the throne and confirmed the agreement on the calling of Vladislav. Sweden, having learned about the deposition of the tsar and the Russian-Polish treaty, occupied the northwestern Russian lands. Negotiations on the religion of the future Russian Tsar have reached a dead end. At the same time, the situation in Moscow worsened. The Polish garrison located in the city was subordinate to Vladislav's governor, Alexander Gonsevsky. Sigismund III was afraid to let his fifteen-year-old son go to the rebellious distant Moscow. Gonsevsky behaved like an autocratic ruler, regardless of Russian customs. He began distributing lands to supporters of the Poles, confiscating the possessions of those who did not recognize the new government.

Gangs of robbers roamed the country, terrifying civilians. Tired of endless civil strife, the population of Russia dreamed of a firm government capable of establishing order in the state. The idea of ​​convening a national militia to liberate Moscow became increasingly stronger in society.

First militia

The convening of the militia was facilitated by the collapse of the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II. After the death of the impostor in December 1610, Tushino Cossacks and nobles joined the newly created militia.

In February-March 1611, the former governors of Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II from Tula, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir and other cities, together with detachments of nobles, archers, Cossacks, and service Tatars, united for a common goal - the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow.

The highest authority in the First Militia was the Council of the Whole Land, headed by the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov, Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and the former “boyar” of the Tushino thief, the rootless Cossack ataman Ivan Zarutsky. The actions of the militia leaders were indecisive due to contradictions between the Cossacks and the nobles.

The first militia besieged Moscow. On March 19, 1611, a decisive battle took place, during which the rebels managed to capture the White City. However, the Poles set fire to the White and Zemlyanoy towns. Thanks to this, they managed to hold the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod. During these days, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Pozharsky especially distinguished himself, waging a desperate battle with the Poles on Lubyanka, where his court was located (in this battle he was wounded).

Clashes with the Poles continued for several more days. They could not count on Sigismund’s help - he was preoccupied with the capture of Smolensk, and the Polish garrison, together with the Moscow boyars loyal to the Poles, sat under siege.

On June 30, 1611, on the initiative of P. Lyapunov, the “Sentence of the Whole Land” was adopted, which had a pronounced noble character. In accordance with this document, Cossacks did not have the right to occupy any traditionally noble positions in administrative bodies. Peasants and slaves had to return to their former owners.

“The verdict...” outraged the Cossacks. P. Lyapunov was invited to the Cossack circle and was killed in revenge for the death of 28 Cossacks, who had recently been drowned by nobles near Moscow. Upon learning of the death of their leader, the nobles left the militia. The siege of Moscow was continued by Cossack forces led by I. Zarutsky and D. Trubetskoy.

The collapse of the first militia was accompanied by other setbacks. On June 3, 1611, after a heroic defense, Smolensk fell due to the betrayal of a defector. Sigismund III now declared that the Russian throne would be occupied not by his son, but by himself. This meant that Russia would become part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and would cease to exist as an independent state.

Second militia

In the fall of 1611, the Second Militia began to be created. Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin appealed to the city residents not to spare funds for the militia in order to liberate Moscow. He urged to give “all gold and silver to this holy cause and, if it is necessary to sell property, to mortgage your wives and children.” The people responded to the call without hesitation. People often sacrificed the latter.

Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was placed at the head of the militia. A government was created, called (as in the First Militia) the Council of the Whole Land. Its leaders - Minin and Pozharsky - were intensely preparing for a decisive move.

In March 1612, the militia was already known throughout the country. On the way to the capital, people joyfully greeted the militias and joined them. From Nizhny Novgorod the militia moved to Moscow through Kostroma and Yaroslavl. In these large, wealthy cities, relatively little affected by the Troubles, there lived many servicemen and townspeople who joined the ranks of the militia.

In Yaroslavl, the formation of the government was completed. Basic orders were created - governing bodies. The militia received significant funds through the mandatory taxation of the entire population, churches and monasteries on a fifth of the property (“fifth money”).

The troops of Hetman Chodkiewicz moved to the aid of the Polish garrison with supplies of ammunition and food. But the militia of Minin and Pozharsky was ahead of them - in August 1612 it approached the capital and united with the remnants of the First Militia.

The advanced detachments of the militia approached Moscow a little earlier than the Poles and positioned themselves in a semicircle from the Tverskaya to the Prechistensky Gates. The first clash between the opponents took place on August 22 near the Novodevichy Convent. During the battle, the Poles managed to cross the Moscow River, and only the intervention of the Cossack hundreds of Prince Trubetskoy, who stood near Moscow long before the arrival of Minin and Pozharsky and acted on their side, saved the situation. The Polish companies, not expecting a flank attack, were forced to retreat across the river to Poklonnaya Gora.

On the night of August 23-24, a detachment of 500 people sent by Chodkiewicz entered the besieged Kremlin under cover of darkness. Reinforced by this detachment, the Poles settled there made a sortie from the gates of Kitai-Gorod, crossed the river and captured the positions of the militia near the Church of St. George. At the same time, Khodkevich moved his regiments to the Donskoy Monastery, trying to get behind the militia from the unprotected south-eastern side. However, the Zemstvo infantry stopped the advance of the Poles. A stubborn battle ensued, in which there were colossal losses on both sides. But luck still accompanied the Poles. The militia were forced to retreat to the left bank of the Moscow River. Polish companies began pursuit and also crossed to the left bank.

At this moment, Kozma Minin again turned to the Cossacks with a request for help in repelling the attack. The Cossacks rushed into battle and overturned the battle formations of the advancing Poles. While this battle was going on, Minin himself crossed to the other side of the Moscow River and struck the Polish troops in the rear. Panic arose in Khodkevich's camp. Abandoning the entire convoy, artillery and provisions, the hetman hastily retreated from the Russian capital. To a large extent, this sealed the fate of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. On October 26, 1612, convinced of his doom, he capitulated.

The zemstvo army from the Arbat side marched solemnly with unfurled banners to the noise of a jubilant crowd of townspeople and proceeded to Red Square. There she united with the troops of Prince Trubetskoy who participated in the liberation of the capital. The troops converged near the frontal area and entered the Kremlin through the Spassky Gate. Muscovites celebrated the victory.

History of the holiday “National Unity Day”

In December 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law “On the Amendment to Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days) of Russia”, in which November 4 was declared the Day of National Unity. For the first time in Russia, this new national holiday was celebrated on November 4, 2005.

There is an explanatory note to the bill, which notes: “On November 4, 1612, soldiers of the people’s militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took China Town by storm, liberating Moscow from Polish invaders, demonstrating an example of heroism and unity of the entire people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society."

November 4 (October 22, old style) is also distinguished by the Orthodox holiday of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, considered the protector of Moscow. The liberation of Moscow in 1612 coincided with this day. Since the accession to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the Kazan icon became a family icon in the royal family. In Moscow, the feast of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was established twice a year - on the day of the discovery of the icon on July 8 and on the day of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles on October 22 - with the establishment of two religious processions from the Assumption Cathedral to the Vvedenskaya Church, where Prince Pozharsky placed the correct list with miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God. In 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich established October 22 to be celebrated throughout Russia.

Reign during the Time of Troubles

(StartXVIIcentury)

Boris Godunov (1598–1605)

Fyodor Borisovich (April-May 1605)

False Dmitry I (1605–1606)

Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610)

False Dmitry II (1608–1610)

Vladislav (Polish prince) (1610–1612 – “Seven Boyars” rules)

Terms and concepts

Time of Troubles(1598–1613) - a period in the history of Russia, characterized by the weakness of state power and disobedience of the outskirts to the center, imposture, civil war and intervention.

Civil War- the most acute form of social struggle of the population within the state (civil war) for power and the solution of the main life problems of the warring parties.

Intervention (lat. intervention)– violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, violation of its sovereignty.

Militia – a military formation during war created to assist the regular army.

National identity– people’s awareness of their role in the history of the country.

Class hour

"Day of National Unity"

1st class 2014

Compiled by a primary school teacher

MBOU secondary school No. 179

Migalatiy Olga Pavlovna

Target:

to form a sense of citizenship and patriotism;

to form responsibility for the fate of the Motherland;

give a general idea of ​​the history of the holiday and the events associated with 1612;

broaden the horizons of students;

develop the ability to draw conclusions and generalize;

promote the development of the ability to participate in dialogue and defend one’s point of view;

to cultivate an interest in studying the history of their country, a sense of pride and respect for the defenders of the state.

Equipment: computer, projector, screen, computer presentation.

Progress of the class hour

I. Org. moment

We start again

walk through history.

Try to understand everything

Find out about your country.

II. Teacher's opening speech.

Slides 1-5

The slides are being viewed, the teacher is reading a poem by S. Vasilyev by heart.

Russia is like a word from a song.

Birch young foliage.

There are forests, fields and rivers all around.

Expanse, Russian soul.

I love you, my Russia,

For the clear light of your eyes,

I love you, I understand with all my heart

The steppes are filled with mysterious sadness.

I love everything that is called

In one broad word - Rus'.

– What is this poem about? (about homeland)

How did this poem make you feel?

(A feeling of triumph and pride for one’s Motherland - Russia, for its mighty and glorious people.)

It is very important for everyone to know the history of their homeland. History is the memory of the people about who we are, where are our roots, what is our path? The most important thing in studying the historical past of your homeland is to learn to love it. And Russian people are characterized by love for their native land, where they were born and raised. From time immemorial, this love has been manifested in their readiness to defend, without sparing their lives, their Fatherland from enemies.

Our great Motherland has a glorious, eventful, heroic history. For centuries, the people of our country have had to fight numerous, strong and cruel enemies in order to defend the freedom and independence of their Motherland.

Slide 6

The bell rings and the teacher reads a poem:

DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY

There's no arguing with history

Live with history

She unites

For feat and for work

One state

When the people are united

When great power

He moves forward.

He defeats the enemy

United in battle,

And Rus' liberates

And sacrifices himself.

For the glory of those heroes

We live by one destiny

Today is Unity Day

We celebrate with you!

On November 4, Christians celebrate the feast of memory of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, and since 2005 - the Day of National Unity.

Slides 7-8

Motherland and unity... Tell me, how do you understand these words? (answer)

What do you think the National Unity Day holiday calls us to?

(Towards the unity of Russians. After all, it is in unity, in the unity of the people, that Russia’s strength lies.

But how do you and I know all this?

That's right, from history! Russia has been tested many times and has more than once experienced times of chaos, hostility and anarchy. When the country weakened, its neighbors pounced on it, rushing to snatch a bigger and fatter piece. However, you can always find the most plausible excuses for robbery and robbery. We called these times troubled, and also bloody. Internal and external storms shook the country to its very foundation, so much so that not only the rulers, but also the forms of government themselves changed. But the country rose from the ashes again and again. After each tragedy, she only became stronger, the envy of her enemies.

Slide 9 -10

Now let’s move back 400 years to the beginning of the 17th century, when the Great Troubles began in Russia. This was the name given to the alarming time of crop failures, famine, unrest and uprisings. Taking advantage of this, the troops of the Polish and Swedish kings invaded Russian lands. Soon the Poles were in Moscow. A mortal danger looms over the country. Polish troops burned out the Russian state, ruined it, killed people. Sighs and crying were heard all around.

Then the patience of the people came to an end. The Russian people decided to unite as one to expel enemies from their native land.

Slide 11 - 14

“A huge crowd filled the Cathedral Square in Nizhny Novgorod. The people did not leave for a long time, as if they were waiting for something. Here the elected chief of the townspeople climbed onto the empty barrel. Headman Kuzma Minin.

Brothers! “We won’t regret anything!” said the headman.

We will give everything we own to save our Motherland.

Pulling out a wallet tightly stuffed with money from his bosom, he immediately poured it into a bucket standing next to him. All the people from the square began throwing money and jewelry here. Residents began to demolish everything they had, everything they had accumulated over their lives. And whoever had nothing took off his copper cross and gave it to the common cause. It was necessary to have a lot of money to gather a large and strong army, arm it and feed the soldiers.

Slide 15 -16

Soon a large force gathered. They began to think about who to call as leaders. We settled on Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. Pozharsky was a capable, intelligent military leader, an honest and fair man. The prince agreed to lead the troops, but on the condition that Minin would take care of the economy of the militia and its treasury.

Slide 17

According to legend, Sergius of Radonezh blessed Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to rule the army and march against enemies.

Slide 18

A miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary was sent from Kazan to the militia, which was headed by Prince Pozharsky. Knowing that the disaster was allowed due to sins, the entire people and militia imposed a three-day fast on themselves and prayerfully turned to the Lord and His Most Pure Mother for heavenly help. And the prayer was answered.

The celebration, November 4, of the Most Holy Theotokos, in honor of Her icon, called "Kazan", was established on this day in gratitude for the deliverance of Moscow and all of Russia from the invasion of the Poles in 1612.

The army led by Dmitry Pozharsky moved towards Moscow and along the way grew by leaps and bounds. People flocked from everywhere.

The entire Russian land stood up against the invaders and traitors. The battles for Moscow began. Prince Pozharsky turned out to be a talented commander. And Kozma Minin, not sparing his life, fought under the walls of the capital like a simple warrior.

Slide 19

Pozharsky besieged Moscow for two months. Soon the Poles surrendered, Pozharsky triumphantly entered the city.

On November 4 (October 22, old style), 1612, the enemy army surrendered to the mercy of the victors, the militia led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitai-Gorod. Moscow was liberated.

Slide 20

These are the real heroes. They managed to unite the people around the idea of ​​serving the Fatherland.

Slide 21 - 22

When times of peace came, the new tsar generously rewarded Minin and Pozharsky. But the best reward was people's memory. It is not for nothing that a bronze monument to them stands on Red Square - in the very heart of Russia with the inscription: “To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky, grateful Russia.”

And such a monument was erected in Nizhny Novgorod.

Slide 23

In memory of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles, the Kazan Cathedral was built in Moscow with the money of D. Pozharsky, in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

A trained student reads a poem

Gone into the history of the year

Kings and peoples changed,

But times are troubled, adversity

Rus' will never forget!

The line is written with victory,

And the verse glorifies past heroes,

He defeated the people of rogue enemies,

Gained freedom forever!

And Rus' rose from its knees

In hands with an icon before the battle,

Blessed with prayer

To the sound of coming changes.

Villages, towns, cities

With bow to the Russian people

Today we celebrate freedom

And Unity Day forever!

III. Summing up the conversation.

What disaster befell Rus' in those years? (answer)

Who called on the Russian people to unite to defend their Motherland? (answer)

Who led the Russian army? (answer)

Tell me, guys, do you know how the Russians thanked the militia heroes? (answer)

Is it possible to say that the people passionately love their Motherland? What words and deeds show this? (answer)

How did you imagine the image of Kuzma Minin? (answer)

Make a conclusion about the character traits of Minin and Pozharsky by choosing the right words.

Writing on the board

Calm, balanced, decisive, brave, selfless, strong, responsible, selflessly devoted to the Motherland and loving it, selfless, courageous, persistent, authoritative, sacrificial, able to inspire people and lead them.

Slide 24 -25

The holiday DAY OF NATIONAL UNITY is a tribute to deep respect for those significant pages of national history when patriotism and citizenship helped our people unite and protect the country from invaders. Overcome times of anarchy and strengthen the Russian state.

November 4 is the day of saving Russia from the greatest danger that has ever threatened it;

IV. Creative project

What other name does this holiday have?

On this day we provide assistance to the unfortunate and needy, that is, we engage in charity. And this means that we are doing what kind of things? (answer)

What name can be given to this day? (Day of good deeds.)

And what can each of you do for those who need help and support?

1. “Clean City” (cleaning the territory of the kindergarten, landscaping obelisks and monuments).

2. “Let’s help the children” (collecting children’s books and toys for the children at the orphanage).

3. “Hurry to do good deeds” (helping the elderly, the disabled, war and labor veterans, the sick, the lonely).

Slide 26

In conclusion, let’s hold hands and all say a chant together:

The main thing is together!

The main thing is to be friendly!

The main thing is with your heart burning in your chest!

We don't need indifference!

Drive away anger and resentment!

Remember this feeling of togetherness and keep it for life. Be worthy of your glorious ancestors.

Reading by heart a poem by Natalia Maidanik.

CONSCITION

On Unity Day we will be close,

We'll be together forever

All nationalities of Russia

In distant villages and cities!

Live, work, build together,

Sowing grain, raising children,

Create, love and argue,

Protect people's peace

To honor our ancestors, to remember their deeds,

Avoid wars and conflicts,

To fill your life with happiness,

To sleep under a peaceful sky!

Thank you all for your communication.