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Many parents ask: “How do you know when it is necessary to give your child this or that vaccination? What are the medical workers of clinics guided by when calling their child for the next vaccination?” The procedure for vaccination and the timing of various vaccinations are reflected in the national vaccination calendar for children, which is developed and approved by the Ministry of Health, taking into account all the features of the circulation of infectious diseases in the country.What is the vaccination schedule for children?
Today, all developed countries have their own specially designed calendar. vaccinations, according to which children and adults undergo vaccination. The child's vaccination schedule includes vaccines against infections that are considered the most dangerous and are widespread in a given geographic region. These vaccination calendars are mandatory for a specific country.Also, the relevant ministries and departments are developing additional vaccination calendars for those traveling to other geographical regions. Additional vaccination schedules for children include vaccines necessary for a safe stay in the region.
Vaccination calendars are developed taking into account how much time is needed for the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The compatibility of vaccines and the possibility of their simultaneous administration are also taken into account. In addition, the child’s vaccination schedule takes into account the necessary breaks between different vaccinations, and between revaccinations against the same infection.
They are also called preventive vaccination calendars, since there is also a group of therapeutic vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines are administered specifically for therapeutic purposes against the background of a developed disease, and not for the formation of immunity to infections.
Vaccination calendar for children 2012
In our country, a new child vaccination calendar was developed and approved last year, and it is still in effect today. If any changes are made to the calendar, they are communicated to the heads of medical institutions and vaccination centers, and at the end of the year, if necessary and subject to major changes in the vaccination plan, a new document is developed and approved. Thus, the vaccination calendar for 2012 is identical to that for 2011.Different regions may have their own specific characteristics of vaccination, which depend on the epidemiological situation. These features may consist, for example, in a different sequence of drug administration, or in the use of additional vaccines against infections that circulate in a particular geographic area and are absent in another.
For the convenience of parents, it is advisable to split the vaccination calendar for children up to one year and after one year.
Vaccination of children under one year of age
1.
The first day after birth.
The hepatitis B vaccine is mandatory for children at high risk of infection. These are kids: whose mothers are carriers of the hepatitis B virus, had an infection during pregnancy, or have infected family members. Children of parents who use drugs are also vaccinated.
2. 3–7 days after birth. A vaccine against tuberculosis is administered. In regions where the incidence is relatively low, gentle immunization is used. In regions where the number of tuberculosis patients is more than 80 people per 100,000 population, or if there are infected people among the child’s relatives, a full-fledged vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis.
3. 1 month. A second hepatitis B vaccine for children at high risk of infection.
4. 2 months. A third hepatitis B vaccine for children at high risk of infection.
5. 3 months. Primary vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. That is, three vaccinations are administered. DPT and the polio vaccine are administered to all children, and the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine is given only to certain categories of children (list below).
6. 4–5 months. Second administration of the vaccine against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. Thus, three vaccinations are administered.
7. 6 months (six months). The third administration of the vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio + against hepatitis B. Thus, four vaccinations are administered.
8. 12 months (year). Administration of the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine, and a fourth administration of the hepatitis B drug.
Categories of children who receive the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine:
- the presence of immunodeficiencies;
- anatomical disorders that sharply increase the risk of Hib infection;
- presence of blood cancers (leukemia);
- children taking chemotherapy drugs;
- HIV infection;
- mother with HIV infection;
- pupils of closed institutions (orphanages, boarding schools, including specialized ones);
- patients of a sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis patients.
When a child is given multiple vaccines at the same time, the injections should be given in different areas of the body and under no circumstances should multiple medications be mixed in the same syringe. Each vaccine is administered separately.
Vaccination of children after one year
1.
1.5 years (18 months).
Revaccination (administration of a vaccine to strengthen weak immunity formed by previous vaccinations) against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. Thus, three vaccinations are administered. 2. 20 months. Second revaccination against polio.
3. 6 years. Revaccination against measles, rubella and mumps (mumps).
4. 6–7 years old. Secondary revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (ADS, ADS-M).
5. 7 years. Revaccination against tuberculosis. The vaccine is administered to children not infected with tuberculosis (who have a negative Mantoux test).
6. 14 years old. Adolescents receive a third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (ADS, ADS-M) + against polio + tuberculosis.
If a child has not been vaccinated against hepatitis B before one year of age, this can be done at any age. Children are vaccinated against influenza starting from six months (6 months), annually, during the period when mass vaccination begins - usually from the beginning or mid-October.
These preventive vaccination calendars for children under one year of age and older are mandatory for Russia. There are calendars of additional vaccinations, which are given if necessary, if there is an unfavorable situation from an epidemiological point of view.
National vaccination calendar according to epidemiological
indications
This calendar includes only vaccinations that are given to children and adults if there is a risk of contracting the listed infections. These vaccinations are not mandatory. Vaccinations against plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, Q fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and typhoid fever are given to people (including children) who permanently reside or plan to travel to geographic areas where these infections are common and there is high risk of infection. If there is a danger of the development of an epidemic of the listed infections in any geographic territory, then not planned, but emergency vaccination of the entire population located in the region temporarily or permanently living is carried out.
The yellow fever vaccine is given to people, including children, who will be in geographic areas where the infection is widespread and at high risk of infection. Often, many countries located in warm climate zones require travelers to be vaccinated against certain infections.
According to the rules and standards of the Russian Ministry of Health, vaccination against the above dangerous infections is carried out according to the following schedule:
- Plague - for children from the age of two. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Leptospirosis – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Q fever – for children over 14 years of age. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Tularemia – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is repeated every 5 years if necessary.
- Tick-borne encephalitis – for children over 4 years of age. Vaccination is repeated for three years, the drug is administered once a year. After three years of vaccination, immunity is formed for life.
- Typhoid fever – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is repeated every two years if necessary.
- Yellow fever – children from 9 months. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
Child vaccination calendar in Ukraine
The Ukrainian national vaccination calendar is distinguished by the absence of vaccination against tuberculosis at the age of 14 years, vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps at 15 years. Mandatory vaccinations for children in Ukraine are shown in the table:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | The first day after birth |
| 1 month | |
| 6 months (six months) | |
| Tuberculosis | 3–5 days after birth |
| 7 years | |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 6 years | |
| Polio | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 6 years | |
| 14 years | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 12 months (1 year) | |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS) | 14 years |
| 18 years |
Vaccination calendar for children in Belarus
In the Republic of Belarus, the list of the national child vaccination calendar includes a vaccine against meningococcal infection and influenza. The timing of vaccine administration is also slightly different:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | First 12 hours after birth |
| 1 month | |
| 5 months | |
| Tuberculosis | 3–5 days after birth |
| 7 years | |
| Pneumococcal infection | 2 months |
| 4 months | |
| 12 months | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Polio | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 2 years | |
| 7 years | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Measles, rubella, mumps (mumps) | 12 months (1 year) |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria | 11 years |
| Flu | Repeat every year from six months |
Child vaccination calendar in Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted the following national calendar of preventive vaccinations. There are differences in the timing of vaccination:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | 1–4 days after birth |
| 2 months | |
| 4 months | |
| Tuberculosis | 1–4 days after birth |
| 6 years | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Polio | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 12–15 months | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Measles, rubella, mumps (mumps) | 12–15 months |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS) | 6 years |
| 16 years | |
| Diphtheria | 12 years |
Immunity involves the body's fight against infectious diseases and foreign proteins. Conventionally, it can be divided into general and specific. By general we mean all the body’s defense systems - from the lymphatic system to the skin and mucous membranes. General immunity may be strong enough to resist diseases against which a child is vaccinated, but not always. To fight specific infections, certain antibodies are needed, which are produced by specific immunity. Vaccination is involved in its formation: just as during illness, after the administration of serum, the body begins to produce antibodies against infection. Vaccination does not guarantee 100% that a vaccinated child will not get sick during an epidemic, but if this happens, he will survive the disease easier, since he will have the appropriate antibodies in his blood.
Contraindications for vaccination
The pediatrician decides how satisfactory the child’s condition is for vaccination. The list of reasons for the so-called medical withdrawal includes:
- prematurity, birth weight less than 2 kg (taken into account when tuberculosis vaccination in newborns is discussed);
- allergy to yeast (this is already relevant when the first vaccination of a newborn is carried out - against hepatitis B);
- primary immunodeficiency state;
- serious complications during previous vaccinations;
- diseases of the nervous system, seizures (for DTP);
- allergy to aminoglycosides (a group of antibiotics) and chicken egg white;
- acute manifestations of infectious diseases and periods of exacerbation of chronic diseases.
Conditions for vaccination
- Individual approach to the baby: preliminary examination by a doctor, conversation with parents about the child’s well-being, measurement of body temperature, urine and blood tests.
- The child and all members of his family must be healthy.
- You cannot combine the introduction of new complementary foods and vaccination.
- Do not vaccinate your baby while teething.
- After illness, wait about a month to vaccinate.
- For children with allergies, three days before vaccination, in consultation with the doctor, start giving antihistamines.
- After the injection, sit with your child for half an hour at the vaccination office: in case of a severe reaction to the drug, the medical staff will provide assistance.
- Do not bathe your child on the day of vaccination.
- Avoid large gatherings of children, do not go out after vaccination.
Vaccination calendar
Even before the child is born, parents should find out what vaccinations are given to newborn children and make a joint decision about their necessity, since in the maternity hospital it will be necessary to sign either consent or refusal.
The vaccination calendar informs parents about which vaccinations to give and when.
Vaccinations for a newborn in the maternity hospital:
- hepatitis B vaccination is given to newborns in the first 12–24 hours after birth;
- The second vaccination for a newborn - BCG (against tuberculosis) is carried out in the first three to seven days of life.
Vaccinations for newborns up to one year:
- vaccination per month for the newborn: second vaccination against hepatitis B;
- at three months: first vaccination against polio and DPT (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus);
- at four, five months: second vaccination against polio and DPT;
- six months: third vaccination against polio, hepatitis B and DTP;
- 12 months: first vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps (three in one).
Vaccination after one year:
- 18 months: first revaccination against polio, DTP;
- 20 months: second booster vaccination against polio;
- six years: second vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps;
- seven years: second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, first revaccination against tuberculosis;
- 13 years: vaccination against hepatitis B and rubella;
- 14 years: third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and polio; revaccination - tuberculosis.
Reaction to vaccinations
Hepatitis B
Vaccination against hepatitis for newborns can have consequences such as painful redness at the injection site and an increase in temperature (an increase in body temperature to 37–37.5 degrees is considered normal). With repeated vaccinations, the likelihood of such a reaction decreases.
When newborns are vaccinated with BCG, the reaction does not occur immediately. Here's what parents will observe: after four to six weeks, a lump (possibly also redness) will form at the injection site, which will disappear after two to three months, leaving a small scar. Such a reaction of a newborn to a BCG vaccination is natural and will indicate the development of immunity.
DPT
The local reaction is manifested by thickening and redness of the skin at the injection site, which should subside in a few days. The general reaction may include an increase in temperature up to 38 degrees, general malaise, drowsiness, or, conversely, excessive agitation. Such manifestations can occur after both the first and subsequent vaccinations and are considered normal.
Polio
The polio vaccine is given either as an injection or by dropping drops into the child's mouth. In the first case, thickening and redness may occur at the site of vaccine administration. There is practically no reaction to oral administration of the vaccine. In some cases, allergic complications in the form of a rash may occur.
Rubella
Seven days after vaccination, your temperature may rise slightly. A slight enlargement of the lymph nodes is also considered a normal reaction. A week after vaccination, the temperature sometimes rises slightly.
Measles
A serious increase in temperature (up to 39 degrees) can occur five or even ten days after this vaccination. Your baby may have red eyes and cheeks and a stuffy nose.
Mumps (mumps)
The reactions are similar to those caused by the measles vaccine, and they can appear ten days after the vaccine is administered.
Vaccinations for newborns: pros and cons
What vaccinations newborns will receive depends entirely on the decision of their parents. And despite the probable beliefs of doctors and various “horror” stories of friends, no one can decide for them whether to vaccinate a newborn at all.
There are two diametrically opposed opinions: “it is necessary to do all vaccinations according to schedule, even if the child does not tolerate them well” and “do not do any vaccinations under any circumstances, let the child’s immunity develop and cope with all adversities on its own.”
Traditional for:
- vaccination is necessary, even if it does not protect the child from infectious diseases 100%, but it can significantly reduce the risk of getting sick;
- even if the child gets sick, a vaccinated child tolerates infections more easily than an unvaccinated child;
- if a child is not vaccinated, he will constantly get sick from everything;
- universal vaccination avoids epidemics, so unvaccinated children become a threat to the health of others.
And the usual vs:
- modern vaccines do not live up to the hopes placed on them to protect health, their effectiveness is questionable;
- in our country, babies receive too many vaccinations, their immunity is subjected to too much stress and cannot develop to its full potential (in this case, many parents do not refuse vaccinations at all, but postpone them for a while);
- It makes no sense to give the first vaccinations (against hepatitis B and tuberculosis) to the baby immediately after birth, since, living in favorable conditions, he has practically no opportunity to encounter these infections in the near future. The risk is not that great, while the consequences of vaccination in newborns can be serious;
- the danger of some diseases for which vaccinations are given is exaggerated (parents often believe that children are not at all seriously ill with rubella or measles at an early age);
- the incidence of various serious complications after the administration of vaccines is very high. Therefore, there can be no “universal” vaccination; each child requires an individual approach.
Without going to extremes, it would be better to weigh the pros and cons specifically for your family, your life situation and the child’s health condition and make decisions on each specific vaccination individually, based on the opinion of specialists whom you trust, but at the same time taking full responsibility for myself.
If a family has a baby, sooner or later the question will arise: where to start vaccinations? Some parents are puzzled by this question even before the birth of their child. And vaccinations begin at birth. home. This is the most correct option. But there are other situations.
If the child is not vaccinated Where to start vaccinations?
When parents know for sure that the child is not vaccinated. Where to start vaccinations?
- This happens if the child has had long-term honey. exemption from vaccinations for health reasons. But then my health improved and the contraindications to vaccinations were removed.
- If the parents did not want to vaccinate their child at first. But then they changed their minds.
Child vaccinations can be started at any age.
A more detailed examination, which is actively discussed by parents on the Internet, is an immunogram. Blood test for the number of immunoglobulins of different groups and the number of cells - lymphocytes involved in the immune response. A decrease in certain indicators indicates reduced immunity. This examination allows us to exclude congenital immunodeficiency conditions in the child. What is a contraindication to the administration of live vaccines. This analysis also shows the amount of immunoglobulin E in the child’s blood. If its level is elevated, this indicates an allergic mood in the body.
This examination is free of charge. It is not mandatory and even recommended for all children in a row. If vaccinations are not started at birth, an idea of immunity can be determined by how often the child gets sick and how severely the disease is tolerated. Children with congenital immunodeficiency conditions stand out sharply from other children in this regard. They get sick almost continuously and severely from birth. They are constantly treated in a hospital. Their diseases do not respond to standard treatments. They have difficulty recovering. Such children, of course, before vaccination, are advised to consult an immunologist and undergo an immunogram.
The allergic mood of the body also has clinical manifestations. During the period of allergic rashes, runny nose, cough or asthma attacks, vaccinations are not carried out.
Parents who actively wish to do so may well consult an immunologist before vaccination and examine the child’s immune status; this is not prevented.
Where to start vaccinations?
Child aged from 3 months to 4 years Where to start vaccinations?
- 1 month after BCG, vaccination against viral hepatitis +, + is carried out. Then, no earlier than 45 days later, the 2nd same vaccination. After another 45 days - the third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus + polio. And the third vaccination against hepatitis is carried out 6 months after the 1st.
- Next, a child aged 1 year and older is vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella.
- Then, children 18 months and older, provided that 6 months have passed since the last 3rd polio vaccination, receive 1 polio booster vaccination. After another 2 months - the 2nd revaccination.
- DPT revaccination is done no earlier than one year after completed vaccination.
- Further everything proceeds in accordance with
- The vaccination schedule now includes vaccination against pneumococcal infection. The frequency of its administration depends on the vaccine used and the age of the child.
The interval between two different vaccinations is at least 1 month.
Child over 4 years old Where to start vaccinations?
If a child is over 4 years old, he or she is not vaccinated against whooping cough. The same vaccination schedule can be used for children who have had whooping cough. Or who have contraindications to vaccination against whooping cough. And also in children whose parents do not want to be vaccinated against whooping cough.
For other vaccinations, including polio, the vaccination schedule is the same as for younger children.
Children from 4 to 6 years old are vaccinated with the ADS vaccine
In this case, the vaccination course consists of two vaccinations with an interval of at least 30 days. In practice, at least 45 days, because the vaccination is combined with polio. Revaccination is carried out 6-12 months after completed vaccination. Next, the child is vaccinated according to the calendar.
Children over 6 years of age are vaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine. The same vaccine is used for vaccinations with severe reactions to the DPT vaccine (fever up to 40, severe local reaction). Vaccination consists of 2 vaccinations with an interval of at least 30-45 days, revaccination is carried out 6-9 months after completed vaccination.
Vaccinations according to an individual plan
If parents have their own personal opinion about vaccinations. And they want to vaccinate the child only against certain infections at their own discretion. Then, after receiving negative results of the Mantoux test, without BCG, the child can be vaccinated for 6 months, starting with any one, according to an individual plan. Vaccinations can be carried out separately. First from hepatitis, then from whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, then from polio, etc. The plan is drawn up by the doctor together with the parents. Parents must express in writing their desire for this particular vaccination. After 6 months, if the child is not vaccinated with BCG, it is recommended to repeat Mantoux.
If there is no information about vaccinations Where to start vaccinations?
There are cases when parents do not know for sure whether the child was vaccinated or not and whether he suffered from childhood infections. This happens if a child, due to some circumstances, changes his place of residence. For example, he moves to his grandmother, but there is no information about vaccinations.
- In this case, the child is first examined for a BCG scar. If there is a scar on the left shoulder, it means the child has been vaccinated with BCG. But if there is no scar, it is not vaccinated.
- Next, the Mantoux reaction is carried out. If Mantoux is positive, a consultation with a phthisiatrician is required. In this case, you will most likely have to wait 3 months and repeat Mantoux. To determine whether it is growing or not. If Mantoux does not increase, vaccinations can be continued.
- If Mantoux is negative and there is no scar, a BCG vaccination is performed. But, if Mantoux is negative, there is a scar, and the child is under 7 years old, the issue of further vaccinations is decided. At 7 years of age and older, BCG revaccination can be performed.
- After the Mantoux reaction has been dealt with, BCG has been done or is not required, you need to find out the state of the child’s immunity in relation to other infections.
RPGA
To do this, the child’s blood is tested for the presence of antibodies to viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio (for 3 types of virus), measles, rubella, mumps, and for children under 4 years of age, whooping cough. The child undergoes a RPHA reaction with the appropriate diagnostic test (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps) or ELISA (whooping cough, hepatitis, rubella). The antibody titer number itself is also important. The higher the titer, the better the body's defenses against a specific infection.
So for diphtheria and polio the protective titer is 1:40, for tetanus 1:20, for measles and mumps 1:10, according to RPGA. For polio, there must be a protective titer for all three variants of the virus.
For whooping cough 0.03 IU/ml, for hepatitis B 0.01 IU/ml, rubella 25 IU/ml - by ELISA (1:400).
In unvaccinated and unsick children, RPGA should be negative.
If no antibodies to any infection are detected in the child’s blood, then vaccination against this disease begins from scratch. Taking into account age, as for unvaccinated children.
In the event that the antibody titer is less than the protective one, one extraordinary vaccination against these infections is carried out. Next, the child is vaccinated in accordance with the national calendar. And if a child’s age requires another vaccination, he is vaccinated according to the national calendar.
Well, if a protective titer of antibodies is detected in a child’s blood, he is vaccinated according to the calendar in accordance with his age. He does not need additional vaccinations.
This is all about where to start vaccinations. Stay healthy!
Children's vaccinations are a topical topic for parents, perhaps, until the child grows up. Doctors are convinced that vaccination saves children and adolescents from many health problems, but worried mothers and fathers are often wary of this type of prevention. How to avoid the side effects of vaccinations, but at the same time build strong immunity in the child? Let's talk about this in more detail in this article.
Types of vaccinations and vaccination standards in Russia
Vaccination involves the targeted enrichment of the immune system with information about dangerous microorganisms that it has not encountered before. Almost all infections leave a kind of trace in the body: the immune system continues to remember the enemy “by sight”, so a new encounter with an infection no longer results in illness. But many diseases - especially in childhood - are fraught not only with unpleasant symptoms, but also with health complications that can leave an imprint on the rest of a person’s life. And it is much more reasonable, instead of gaining such experience in “combat conditions,” to make the child’s life easier by using a vaccine.
A vaccine is a pharmaceutical preparation that contains killed or weakened particles of bacteria and viruses, which allows the body to develop immunity without serious damage to health.
The use of vaccines is justified both for the prevention of the disease and for its treatment (during a protracted course of the disease, when it is necessary to stimulate the immune system). Preventive vaccinations are used in small and adult patients; their combination and sequence of administration are prescribed in a special document - the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations. These are expert recommendations for achieving the best results with minimal negative consequences.
There are vaccines that are not used under normal conditions, but are extremely useful in the event of an outbreak of a particular disease, as well as during a trip to a region known for a difficult epidemic situation for a certain infection (for example, cholera, rabies, typhoid fever, etc. .). You can find out which preventive vaccinations it would be useful to give to children according to epidemic indications from a pediatrician, immunologist or infectious disease specialist.
When making a decision about vaccination, it is important to keep in mind the legal norms adopted in the Russian Federation:
- Vaccination is a voluntary choice of parents. There is no penalty for refusing it, but it is worth considering what such a decision entails for the well-being of both your child and other children who may one day become infected with an infectious disease from him;
- any vaccination is carried out in medical organizations that have access to this type of procedure (we are talking not only about public clinics, but also about private centers);
- the vaccination must be administered by a physician certified to administer vaccinations (doctor, paramedic or nurse);
- Vaccination is permissible only with drugs officially registered in our country;
- before starting the procedure, the doctor or nurse is obliged to explain to the child’s parents the positive and negative properties of vaccination, possible side effects and the consequences of refusing vaccination;
- Before the vaccine is administered, the child must be examined by a doctor or paramedic;
- if vaccination is carried out in several directions at once on one day, then the vaccinations are given in different parts of the body, each time with a new syringe;
- With the exception of the situation described above, the period between two vaccinations against different infections must be at least 30 days.
Vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age
Most of the vaccinations from the National Calendar for children occur in the first year and a half of life. At this age, the child is most susceptible to infections, so the task of parents and doctors is to make sure that diseases avoid your baby.
Of course, it is difficult to explain to a child how important vaccination is and why it is necessary to endure pain. However, experts advise approaching the process delicately: try to distract the baby from the medical procedure, be sure to praise him for good behavior and carefully monitor his well-being in the first three days after the procedure.
|
Child's age |
Procedure |
Drug used |
Grafting technique |
|
First 24 hours of life |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
||
|
3–7 days of life |
Vaccination against tuberculosis |
BCG, BCG-M |
Intradermal, from the outside of the left shoulder |
|
1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (for children at risk) |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
|
3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
|
First polio vaccine |
|||
|
First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
|||
|
4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
Second polio vaccine |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
|
Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
|
6 months |
Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
||
|
Third vaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
|
Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
12 months |
Vaccination against measles, rubella, paratitis |
MMR-II, Priorix and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
1 year and 3 months |
Revaccination (re-vaccination) against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (into the shoulder) |
|
1 year and 6 months |
First revaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
|
First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually into the middle third of the thigh) |
|
|
Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (into the thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
1 year and 8 months |
Second revaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is dropped into the mouth) |
As with any other use of medications, vaccination has contraindications. Each vaccination is individual, but it is important to exclude the introduction of the vaccine against the background of an existing infection or if the child is allergic to a particular product. If you have reason to doubt the safety of an officially approved vaccination schedule, it is worth discussing alternative vaccination schedules and other disease prevention measures with your doctor.
Vaccination calendar for children from 3 to 7 years old
In preschool age, children need to be vaccinated much less frequently. However, it is important not to forget to check the Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, so as not to accidentally forget to visit the pediatrician on time.
Calendar of preventive vaccinations for schoolchildren
During school years, an employee of the first aid post usually monitors the timing of children’s vaccinations - all students are often vaccinated centrally, on the same day. If your child has health conditions that require a separate vaccination regimen, do not forget to discuss this with representatives of the school administration.
To vaccinate children or not to vaccinate them?
The question of the advisability of vaccinating children has become acute in recent decades: in Russia and around the world, the so-called anti-vaccination movement remains popular, whose supporters consider vaccination a harmful procedure imposed by pharmacological corporations for the purpose of enrichment.
This point of view is based on isolated cases of complications or death of children who were vaccinated against any infections. In most cases, it is not possible to establish an objective cause for such a tragedy, but opponents of vaccinations do not consider it necessary to rely on statistics and facts; they appeal only to the natural feeling of fear of parents for their children.
The danger of such beliefs is that without universal vaccination it is impossible to exclude the persistence of foci of infection, the carriers of which are unvaccinated children. By coming into contact with other babies who have not received the vaccine due to contraindications, they contribute to the spread of the disease. And the more convinced “anti-vaxxers” there are among parents, the more often children suffer from measles, meningitis, rubella and other infections.
Another reason that often deters parents from vaccination is the uncomfortable conditions in the vaccination room of the children's clinic at their place of registration. However, proper planning of time, an experienced doctor who will explain all the questions, and your positive attitude, which will be reflected in the child, will certainly help you survive the vaccination without tears and disappointments.
Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar is one of the most comprehensive in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are given in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.
Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.
What laws govern childhood vaccinations?
There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:
- Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
- “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
- Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”
These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:
- Viral hepatitis;
- Tuberculosis;
- Whooping cough;
- Diphtheria;
- Tetanus;
- Haemophilus influenzae infection;
- Polio;
- Measles;
- Rubella;
- Mumps.
In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding outbreaks of infection is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age
Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:
| Age | Name of vaccination | Vaccine | Notes |
| 1 day(newborn) | — First vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix V, Combiotech | It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis. |
| 3-7 days(newborn) | — Vaccination against tuberculosis | BCG-M | Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity; it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity, the BCG vaccination is repeated. |
| Baby at 1 month | — Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix V, Combiotech | |
| Baby at 2 months | Engerix V, Combiotech | It is given only to children at risk. | |
| Baby at 3 months | — First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus | DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim | Each vaccination has its own vaccine, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use the combined Pentaxim vaccine. |
| — First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim | ||
| — First polio vaccine | OPV, IPV, Pentaxim | ||
| Baby at 4.5 months | — Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus | DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim | |
| — Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim | ||
| — Second polio vaccine | OPV, IPV, Pentaxim | ||
| Baby at 6 months | — Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus | DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok | Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with a vaccine against hepatitis, if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine. |
| — Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim | ||
| — Third polio vaccine | OPV, IPV, Pentaxim | ||
| — Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok | ||
| Baby at 12 months | — Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps | MMR II, Priorix | |
| — Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix V, Combiotech | Only for children at risk. |
The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.
About vaccines
Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.
- Hepatitis vaccine. It contains individual proteins of the hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
- Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. In humans, they do not cause disease, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop stable immunity, the tuberculosis bacillus must be in the body constantly.
- Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
- Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. A live vaccine is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and can cause a mild form of polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine is given first and the second shot is given live.
- Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.
How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know
Parents are most frightened by the possible consequences of vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:
- Anaphylactic shock;
- Severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
- Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
- Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
- Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination;
- Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.
The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.
Basic Rules
1. The vaccination schedule is the recommended vaccination schedule for your baby. It can be changed if there are reasons to delay or even cancel vaccination. The reason for temporary medical withdrawal may be:
- Malaise, cold, fever;
- Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
- Recent blood transfusion;
- Prematurity.
In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indications for complete cancellation of vaccination are:
- Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
- Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.
2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know! — .
3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. This is usually done if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or do a complex vaccination.
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4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.
5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence is an increase in temperature. Read about how to control the reaction of a child’s body and what to do if the temperature rises here (link).
Important:
How to refuse vaccination
Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:
Statement:
I, (full name), living at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations (including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.
This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:
1) art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;
2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;
3) Art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in the Russian Federation” of June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.
I ask you to ensure that medical documentation for my child is completed unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.
________________(date) ________________ (signature)
Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.
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